The Comparison between Leonardo and Tintoretto's "The Last Supper"

Leonardo da Vinci and Tintoretto are the two great painters who are known for their very famous paintings called “The Last Supper”. This painting has a religious theme. The Last Supper is one of the most important incidents in Christian religion. In this incident, Jesus Christ had gathered all his disciples to announce that one of his twelve apostles will betray him before the sunrise. The painting depicts this scene and shows how the twelve apostles have reacted to the news with different degrees of horror, anger and shock.

Leonardo’s “Last Supper” is a fresco painting executed for the dining hall of a Milan monastery. It is known to be one of his greatest works. He began working on it in 1495 and finished it in 1498. Leonardo used his skills to create a very detailed and naturalistic piece of work. He has created all the characters with amazing individuality. The viewer is first attracted to the figure of Jesus Christ who is sitting among his apostles. Leonardo has used geometric shapes to represent the windows behind Jesus, the doors behind apostles and the ceiling. The painter has chosen to depict the moment when Jesus says, “one of you will betray me”. The apostles are seen in a state of shock and denial. The effect of this statement is visible. Despite their dramatic reaction, Leonardo imposes a sense of order on the scene. Christ’s head is at the center framed by a halo-like architectural opening. The apostles are arranged around him in four groups of three united by their posture and gesture. Judas, who was traditionally placed on the opposite side of the table, is here set apart from the other apostles by his shadowed face.

Leonardo tried some new painting techniques for this painting. Instead of using tempera on wet plaster he used dry plaster. This experiment resulted in a more varied palette, which was what he had intended to achieve. However, the painted plaster began to fall off the wall immediately.  

Tintoretto started painting “The Last Supper” in 1592 and completed it in 1594. In this painting, he created a special atmosphere by using two light sources, darker colors and transparent hovering angles which added a supernatural effect in the painting. Tintoretto’s version of the painting demonstrates a dramatic change in art and the concept of art over almost a century when it is compared to the one drawn by Leonardo. He has used intensified streaks of light to emphasize on the direction of movement, and thus heighten the effect of dramatic action. Everything and everyone is set in a motion, people are seen walking and leaning against each other, angels are flying. Mainly due to the light effects, a distinction is made between the hovering angles and the human bodies below. Tintoretto has maintained the basic realism, in drawing bodily proportions, and in expressing the color and texture of objects like the fruit, cloth and glassware. The composition in space is fantastic and successfully unified.

Both painters have done a great job in making these paintings. At the first glance Leonardo’s painting looks fairly remarkable. It represents a strongly horizontal organization with a symmetrical balanced group of apostles behind a long table, divided by Christ at the center but on a closer analysis we see Leonardo’s tranquility being radically rearranged. On the other hand Tintoretto’s painting is asymmetrical, complicated and very crowded; it is difficult to indentify particular disciples. The instant Tintoretto chose to portray differs from that of Leonardo. Leonardo chose the point at which Jesus announced that one of his apostles will betray him. However Tintoretto chose to describe the moment when Jesus shared bread, which symbolized his body as the wine stood for his blood. Leonardo chose the moment to describe death where as Tintoretto chose a moment to signify life. The drama of facial expressions that is seen in the Leonardo’s version is almost totally missing in the Tintoretto’s painting. The gestures too are arranged so as to contribute most to the general motion; not so as to be most expressive emotionally. Yet the story is conveyed and is its dramatic pace is quickened by the atmosphere of electrical demonstration.

Hassan Tahir 

09U610

                                                                    Fashion Fever

In view of my opinion, the word “fashion” basically refers to an exaggerated distortion of a person’s image. Anything which is inn within that specific frame of time, following it becomes a pre-requisite to be socially desirable by all. As in today’s globalized era, people have adopted a stereotypical blurred image of beauty in mind. Today, everyone is in search of style with reference to our famous, so-called fashion designers.

In today’s modern date, fashion is rather restricted to the outlook of a person in a unique and absolute manner. It is more to do with how a person looks and/or dresses himself. The dynamism of the fashion world is moreover absurd.

Fashion journalism has become popular too. Many magazines, newspapers, websites and blogs include photographs and editorial critiques of various fashion designs and latest trends. ‘Vogue’ is one of the world’s most influential fashion magazine. Such magazines depict that if women can have tons and tons of clothes, they can do without nothing else. The movie “Devil wears Prada” also shows how difficult it was for Andy Sachs to get a job for the ‘Runway’ fashion magazine, because her attire style was outdated.

Those who do not fit into the ‘stereotypical’ image of a fashionable person are termed associated with derogatory remarks such as “weird”. If school-children wear their father’s or mother’s sweater to their school, they would be laughed at, even if that sweater keeps them cozy and safe from flu. They are labeled as geeks and nerds. People cannot even wear their last year clothes, just because the fad has expired and they are bound to follow the latest. They have to be socially acceptable by one and all.

In the program “Project Runway”, various designers showcase their designs on svelte models. Their designs are judged and every week one designer is eliminated. The judges pass derogatory comments at the designers whose designs are not liked by the judges, thus humiliating them. A person’s self-esteem is at stake. In fashion shows, some designs barely cover women, let alone their privates. One must ask; are such designs even worthy of being worn in public? Is fashion a substitute for nudity or obscenity in any way?

Tattoos and body piercings are a fashion statement, too. As per me, people mostly get tattoo’s done so that they may cover up some of their weaknesses or flaws and be viewed with a perception of being “cool”. They feel that such things are part of their self-image and self-concept. In recent times, they are used to tell something about the individual, just like the clothing. The skin must not remain empty too, now.

Fashion leads to the promotion of glamour. Why do we always begrudge something we don’t have in our lives, even though we do not necessarily need it? Have we ever tried to ponder over the fact as to why we crave for such a luxurious lifestyle? We have become indolently dependent upon quality that we forget the price that we have to pay for it. Has the infiltration of glamour changed our lifestyle so much that we need to reconsider our substitution class?

As seen through the definitions glamour is largely used to glorify appearance, but what if appearance and reality contrast each other in reality. It is in effect, used as a tool for mass disguise. It engrosses man in a trance, underestimating his ability to judge the true value of things. It must be stressed here that looking good is no crime, but only looking good is.

 If we do not realize the depth of the problem, we will never be able to rectify it. Stakes are high and urgent decisions are needed. In this post-normal world, where mass deception is common and outspread, if we do not realize the root of the problem that is facing us than we will undeniably will have to bear inevitable repercussions.

What we do not perhaps understand is that glamour is not only restricted to fashion, but rather encompasses many aspects of our daily lives. Our entire lifestyles are set under the agenda of promoting glamour. Urbanization is infused under the cover of glamour. A person is judged primarily on the basis of the suit he wears in the office, and secondarily on his performance.

One particular movie “Confessions of a shopaholic” can be discussed in this context. In this movie Rebecca Bloomwood is a shopping addict. Whenever she passes by a mall, she could not fight its allure. She keeps on accumulating debt. She is not able to pay the bills. She even loses her job. So this movie shows the price one has to pay for being a shopaholic.

The infusion of glamour in our lives is largely due to the emergence of brands in the hundreds of millions. Corporations have become living, breathing persons. Glamour is not merely an air of compelling charm, romance, and excitement but rather a simulated solicitation aura of hell. It makes one adore luxury to the extent that one would go to any extent for that. One is compelled by its fragrance leading him to forget the repercussions that he will have to face for it. You don’t get a Rolex out of nowhere. Your luxury is a result of their sacrifice. Their lives have to be sacrificed for you to get even a normal suit. That is how the system works.

Right now while one is driving a Ferrari, child labor in Africa is in the flow to get the raw materials. While one is enjoying a beautiful sunset on your rocking chair, know that that its wood was cut by men who got negligible wage for it.

The things you own have been snatched from others and given to you, just because you can pay for them. That is what these corporations do. They put their brand name on stolen material, re-style it and give it to you, while the real owner doesn’t get more than a penny.  Everything comes at a price. There is no such thing as free lunch. The elite are enslaving both the rich and the poor but by different means. They enchain the poor by oppression and the rich by making them so deeply involved in materialism.

What to be understood is that quality is not ought to be sacrificed in any manner. But what one doesn’t understand is that the achievement of a better standard commodity or service is generated through a certain price only. Also, the issue of morality tends to arise when one gets so deeply engrossed in materialistic possessions that he starts flaunting about them. Fashion has become a dire need or to say in better words, a pre-requisite in modern times. The current substitution class of ‘Survival of the Fittest’ only allows the more fashion-savvy to not only thrive but emerge through it successfully.

 Sehrish Javaid 

Sec H

From Osama to Obama

Post by: Muhammad Ali
BBA II Section H

9/11 took place and it drastically changed everything and i don't think there is a need to justify the credibility of this incident, Pakistan from a peaceful and beautiful country certainly changed into terrorist and dangerous country. Foreigners stopped touring Pakistan and certainly Pakistan became favorite country for Terrorists and an old name "Al-Qaeda" presented in a new way.

In 2006 I wrote an article on my blog named as "Wisdom Direct" about the invasion of American Forces in Afghanistan and Iraq, about the role of CIA in the sub continent, Afghanistan and Iraq and the primary objective of the Pentagon. Sadly my article was banned and I got a warning letter from the Information Department of Pakistan that if i do not shut down my website then they would take serious steps against me which can lead to imprisonment as well, so I had to shut it down which I did with heavy heart and under the pressure of my family. Anyhow it was a sad part but I have to get along with the original discussion so i was talking about the intention of the Americans which they justified in 2003 when they penetrated into the boundaries of Iraq alleging that they have weapons of Mass Destruction and I think I don't need to emphasize on the fact whether they found any kind of weapons there or not, everyone knows they did not :).

So a long struggle of Americans brought them to May, 1, 2011 when American President Barak Hussain Obama (Why I have mentioned his full name is just to remind you a long debate done on him by Global Media about his religion) authorized a raid on the bin Laden's suspected location in Abottabad, Pakistan. The operation was successfully carried out by the US Navy Seals and CIA. During the 40 minutes raid Osama Bin Laden was shot fatally on head and chest which caused his death. After his death his corpse was taken to sea for burial after the denial of Saudi Government from accepting his dead body. Osama's story came to an end but like past instead of finishing a story it gave birth to new stories, unlimited questions and controversies. So, opening the closet or Pandora's Box I guess I am going to ask some questions and lay down some facts. Disagreeing is your right, having different opinion is your trait so play like a good player.

Here are some facts

• This is the 9th time according to news this man has been killed.
• I am unable to understand why on earth was ISI not aware of the presence of bin Laden in Pakistan's Territory and how on the earth people of the same vicinity never noticed his existence.
• How on the earth American's Copter traveled 3 hours without letting Pakistan's forces know.
• Where was the media when they were firing bullets and rockets for 40 minutes.
• How much time do you require to come from 1000 feet. PMA was at 1000 feet, why they did not reacted timely.
• Is it possible to operate in a foreign country without taking their assent.

Now some hard facts I would like to talk about, America invaded Afghanistan without taking her nation in confidence and on every death of her solider American people protested against Government's policies. So they really need some success to retreat from Afghanistan, this is their way to retreat to show that what they have promised they have achieved it extracted from the speech of Obama. I still remember that day and the video when Saddam Hussain was captured and was taken out from the cave like place, they made the video because Saddam Hussain was real then why they did not make any video of Osama bin Laden if he was as real as Saddam Hussain. If we can understand the gravity of the situation then we do not need any proofs to admit the reality of the drama performed by the aliens and the American Government and Forces. 

Everyone knows who has suffered most in the drama of terrorism. More than 30 thousand Pakistani killed in suicide attacks and terrorist attacks, more than billions of rupees of property have been destroyed and Americans are talking about the loss of WTC.

This is a very difficult time for Pakistani nation according to my rationale I am taking it to different angle Firstly, Taliban have deliberately blamed Pakistan and made her their priority to attack and America on the back hand. If we can some how survive from the attacks of Al-Qaeda then who can give a surety that we are safe from American policies because this is all what they wanted. They wanted to show that we are with terrorists and are supporting them, Osama's existence near PMA and Islamabad is a big sign to worry. They have played their game well now it is our time to play. 

God Bless Pakistan.

UNREAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF YOUR LIFE

When does life really begin? Is it when a child is pushed from the womb into this world or is it when the heart of the unborn baby starts to beat for the first time? There are so many people out there who say that the unborn is not really a person, or even alive because it cannot sustain its own life. If this were true, then no one is a real person until he or she starts to live on their own, away from their parents. When you think about this, without listening to the arguments about when life starts or if a living being is considered alive until a specific time, you would be surprised to find how everything seems to be so unreal.

There are some realities in life which are hard to explain, difficult to believe, yet acceptable to the mind. There is always a difference in the way a conscious mind thinks as compared to a sub-conscious mind. People have witnessed many paranormal things in a state of subconscious mind which can never be proved scientifically but those who experienced such things have a firm belief on experiences.

The researches of scientists has often remained limited to the few isolated subjects and it is largely believed by common people that the science is way behind when it comes to spirituality over the physical existence. Where science cannot find a practical explanation, it draws a conclusion that states about the non-existence of the matter. Today spirituality is far ahead than science when it comes to such explanations.

Standing all alone at a deserted place, you might experience a cold breeze that comes with a fragrance, a fragrance that cannot be found anywhere near. You would definitely look for anybody around and when you find absolutely no clue, it’s the nature of a human mind to raise questions about these unreal circumstances of your life. There are no justifications that science can provide however spiritual believers give some vision to this which can never be justified but can only be believed as there isn’t any alternative than doing so.

Man has spent millions to explore the space, develop satellites and live cameras to see distant things instantly or it is just a scientific explanation to what a man sees when he closes his eyes. It can be found in many books written by spiritual scholars that a man can see things far away by just closing his eyes and practicing specific spiritual behaviours. So putting it another way, can it be said that watching something that is a thousand miles away from you on a live television is a scientific explanation to what you can see by a spiritual practice.

It is possible that you wake up from a dream one day and you are surprised to know that the happenings in your dream come to reality in the following days. These are things that a man confronts every day since this universe came into existence and yet these things remain unsorted. These are unreal circumstances that surely have a reality which is best known to God and man is still wondering about it even in the twenty first century.

By

Ali Suhail Khan 

09U0809

The Dark World of Models

As heard many times, there are two sides to a coin; similarly, there are always two sides of everything. There are advantages and disadvantages of all. Good and bad of everything. Then why should the world of glitz and glamour be any different? No matter how shiny, how alluring and how sensational the life of a model seems, behind the scene, though, lies a dark, a murky world far from all the glamour and shine.

These public figures may always have been captured smiling and waving at us through pictures and videos, but in reality, life is not as easy for them as it seems. Life, for them is like living in a fish bowl where everyone can see you. Achievement comes with a lot of hard work, but for celebrities, it is more than just hard work.

It may seem unbelievable to many of us, as to how can a life which seems to be perfect, can also be submerged in dejection and gloominess? “We models are treated like hangars”, is the statement of a model who does not wish to be named. From her experience in the world of modeling, she believes that hardly anyone gets fame by sacrificing a major part of their lives. In her case, it has been her family. And in many other cases it has been their self-respect, image and even their lives! The world of fashion is not just about displaying the best of clothes, wearing make-up and carrying out the ramp walk, she says. It is also about striving to guard your dignity, respect and self-esteem.

From her experience, she believes that no matter from what part of the world you belong to, or what your background is, but once you enter the world of fashion, you automatically get coated with plastic. The environment, the atmosphere is such that you cannot help but become plastic. You are expected to forget yourself and become a dummy of the agent who provides you with work. Time is not at all a consideration anymore. Attending page3 parties, inaugurations and events seems to become the most important task of life. Smoking, drinking and drugs become a normal and easy way of de-stressing. Those who don’t do it are laughed at, and such immense peer pressure is forced onto them that they either leave the fashion world, or start de-stressing the same way.

Eating disorders are the most talked about issues as well. My source tells me that eating disorder is the most common amongst models. Not just dieting or starving, but to the height of vomiting after every meal! Karen Carpenter and Ana Carolina Reston were two very famous models who passed away at a tender age due to eating disorders. Though, there are some models that work out, have a healthy lifestyle and say no to drugs and alcohol, but they are very few in number.

Sexual abuse and ill-treatment is as common as ABC in the world, she says. Every other person wants to use, abuse and throw you away like you are worthless. Selling off one’s respect just for the sake of being spotted on a bigger show, or to have a job is a norm. There are countless times when someone gets assaulted, whether they are male or female, but many of them do not come forward and report the case, scared that their image might get tarnished. Models usually enter the industry at a very young age, when their minds are innocent, and it is very easy for someone to use, or manipulate them. They do not know the evils of the industry, and therefore it is crucial that they find someone reliable who can guide them through. A recent incident of Anand Jon assaulting young models aged to 14 and above sent waves of shock amongst the world. My source expresses, Anand Jon would have never been sentenced to 59years in prison if those models hadn’t stepped up and spoken against him. Models had past learnt to keep mum on such situations, but finally times are changing.

The fashion fraternity isn’t as dark as it must have started to seem after the above mentioned incidents, but you must know that there are certain rules to every game. You must just play your cards right. If your intentions are pure, and you are pure at heart, then there is no way that anyone can harm you. Good and bad times are a part of life, but the one who tackles them and gets on with life is the winner. Learning from yours and others’ mistakes is important.

The purpose of writing this article was to create awareness amongst the audience, especially the young girls who are planning to join the fashion industry. It isn’t only just about the glamour and style, but it is also about passion, hard work and to achieve a name in the industry by the right means.

By:

Mehreen Afzal Khan (Section H)

09U0561

Drug Rehabilitation

   Pakistan is today notorious for many things, but in last few years drug production and addiction has increasingly become one of the most significant problems. To cope up with the drug addicts, drug rehabilitation centers are made by the public sector as well as the private sector. There are few drug rehabilitation centers in Lahore which include Eman clinic, Lahore Addiction Treatment center, Islamic drug treatment center, Nai zindagi.

     I’ll be talking about the problems which the drug rehabilitation centers and patients face. One major problem which is considered in Pakistan is awareness. Most of the people in country are unaware of the centers, though proper advertising is done. Rich class is more aware of the rehabilitation centers than the middle class.  66% of the addicts didn’t receive education more than matric. (Habib, 1984) In Punjab, 68% of the heroine addicts are found to be illiterate; they didn’t receive schooling of more than 8 years. (Jafri, 1984) it is true that most people in Pakistan are not aware of the rehabilitation centers, due to the high illiteracy rate in Pakistan. This is why each rehabilitation center has only 20-25 numbers of patients.

            Drug rehabilitation centers face financial problems. Government and NGO’s are not providing funds to the private centers; therefore very few number of rehabilitation centers are made up in Lahore. Most of the rehabilitation centers face spacing problems. The centers want to widen up their setup, but due to financial issues this isn’t done. Eman clinic has a small place in which the patients are treated; it includes both male and female patients. They need to make a separate center for females, so the female addicts and their families feel comfortable with it.All the centers observed have four to six beds in each room, though each patient should have one private room

        Even if the government agrees to give financial support, they add some terms and agreements, which mostly include free treatment of a number of patients of their choice. Those patients are street addicts; they spoil the environment of private centers. Due to them, other patients also don’t feel comfortable. Mostly patients in private drug rehabilitation centers belong to good families; they can’t adjust themselves with such patients. This creates problems for the centers, so they don’t agree to take finance. The government should support these centers instead of giving money to doctors at public drug rehabilitation centers. General, Mayo, and Services are government hospitals; these only have a 15 days detoxification treatment. The doctors at these centers don’t care about their patients. The doctors are not even clear about their concepts; they sometimes don’t know that which method they should use to treat a certain kind of patient. These hospitals don’t even maintain basic records of their clients.

           One of the problems that the doctors face at the centers face is of denial. The addict never accepts his problems, which he’s having because of drugs. The addicts feel they don’t have any problem and they don’t want any help. In order for the rehabilitation to succeed, the patient should want to be helped sincerely. Families are also denials; they act stubborn in this case too. They should be supportive to bring the patient on the right track, but they never accept their mistakes. Families create more problems for centers than patients. Family should not deny anything, but should make the patient accept his/her mistakes. They should tell about each and every act made by the patient when he had used drugs. They should help the patient in forgetting about his past and starting a new life exclusive of drugs. The doctors find it difficult to change the thinking patterns of patients. They try to be friendly with them and have a heart-to-heart talk with them. It is very difficult to do that though, because the lifestyle and thinking pattern of addicts is totally different from that of a normal human being. But to start treatment, it is important that the patient is also willing to get treated well.

       The patients just want to escape from these centers; patients are even standing in one posture whole night just to find way to get out of the centers. They just look for excuses to use drugs. Drug cravings are so severe that the addict is ready to do anything to get more drugs. This is because with continued use of drug, the body isn’t able to produce certain chemicals, as those are replaced by drugs. Therefore at first few days of treatment, the body demands for drugs due to cravings. The more the patient uses drugs, more problems he creates for himself. Addicts can abandon all moral teachings just for the intake drugs. These include misdeeds as lying, stealing, teachings, and sometimes even murders. Craving is one of the major factor due to which the patient cannot stop the intake of drugs. The body gets addicted to drugs, just because of the attraction of drugs one can’t refrain taking it.

             Another problem of the patients is aggression and mood disorder. The patient suffers severe withdrawals, sometimes even the patient jumps 2 inches above the bed. It is very difficult for the doctors to build up a good relation with the patients. When the patients are injected, it is very difficult to handle them. Doctors have to cope up with patients in whichever mood they are.

          There are also some after treatment problems. The rehabilitation centers don’t give a guarantee that that the patient will not use drugs again after once treated. This is because the attraction of drugs is so great; that it is very difficult to stay away from drugs.

           In the society, addicts are termed as “rejected people”, even if they leave drugs; they are still called by bad names such as “charsi”. This behavior of the society may lead to addiction again, because he’s being treated in the same way as before.          

After treatment the first six months include problems of craving, confusion, lack of sleep, and body aches. The next six months include problems of adjusting back again in family, development of new social network, and finding a new job. The next one year includes the problems of relapse, anxiety, peer pressure for drug intake, adjustment to new social network.

           People should help the patient adjusting back in the society and appreciating him/her. This would help him/her to stay away from drugs which would again take their life back to the drug rehabilitation center away from their families. If a person has decided to leave drugs for whole life, then the family should support them and social network should be changed. So, due to the company of addicts, they don’t get back to drugs again

          This is too one of the problems centers face due to the illiterate society. Patients get back to drugs, and they have to pass them through the three months process again. This time it is more difficult, because the person thinks he can’t remove the label he is given by the society.

          So, after treatment classes are given at the turning point. The patients are only allowed to sleep at their homes, but daily treatment is given in the morning by the centers.

       There are very few drug rehabilitation centers located in Lahore,there is still a need for more rehabilitation centers. Government should help with this issue, ANF should be supportive. It is found through the research that though there are only 6 rehabilitation centers in Lahore, but all of the centers have specialized staff, good facilities for patients, and are trying to give all kinds of better treatments to patients.

By 

Hussain Ali Bhatti 

Sec H

09U0712

Poverty in Pakistan

SameerAbdal Malik

Section H

Poverty is the lack of basic human needs, such as clean water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter, because of the incapability to afford them. This is also referred to as absolute poverty or destitution. Relative poverty is the condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country, or compared to worldwide averages. Poverty in Pakistan is a growing concern, as it is a developing country.

Poverty is widespread in Pakistan and is particularly predominant in rural areas as compared to the Urban districts. Nearly 80 per cent of the country’s poor people, subsist in rural parts of the country.

The causes of poverty incorporate lack of education, poor access to health services, large family size, gender discrimination and vulnerability to environmental degradation and deterioration of the natural resource base.

The recent increase in the international prices of food commodities has had a considerable impact on Pakistan’s poor people. It is estimated that about 17 million people have coupled the ranks of the 60 million people who are food insecure and many more are at risk. About half of the country’s population lives in a condition of food insecurity.

The prevalence of poverty varies between pastoral and metropolitan areas, and from one province to the next. Poverty is widely and evenly distributed in the many mountainous parts of the country where communities are small, scattered and isolated, and where there are few major urban centers.

There may be differences on the precise measurement of poverty but it is widely believed that the incidence of poverty in Pakistan has increased during the decade of 1990s.

Poverty will never end unless there are real solutions to end it; solutions based on economic justice and political changes.

According to my perceptions and illustrations by journalists; ‘Poverty can only be catered via the full equality between men and women in public as well as private areas of life, a worldwide minimum wage of $20 per day and the end of child labor under the age of 16 with the creation of a subsidy for scholarship. Secondly by the guarantee of shelter, healthcare, education, food and drinking water as basic human rights that must be provided free to all. Thirdly a total redistribution of idle lands to landless farmers and the imposition of a 50% cap on arable land devoted to products for export per country, with the creation of a worldwide subsidy for organic agriculture.’